Biology Project free essay sample

# 8211 ; A.I.D.S. Essay, Research Paper A.I.D.S. ( Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ) is a really deathly disease. It is largely translated through the blood, sharing acerate leafs, sexual intercourse, and when an septic female parent breast-feeds her kid. In this essay I will demo you the causes, symptoms, clinical patterned advance, timeserving infections, and the intervention you can have to detain the effects of AIDSs. Aidss are caused by two viruses that belong to a group called retroviruses. Research workers in France discovered this in 1983 and in the U.S. in 1984. This was known as the HIV-1. HIV infects certain white blood cells. Some of these cells are the T-helper and the macrophages, which play cardinal functions in the immune system. HIV enters CD4 T-cells. The cell makes more HIV and it spreads to other CD4 cells. The cells finally die. Even though the immune system makes 1000000s of them everyday HIV kills them off every bit shortly as they are made. We will write a custom essay sample on Biology Project or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page HIV must be present for the development of AIDSs. When you have HIV the symptoms you receive every few yearss tends to be much serious. Then other symptoms are created and are much more terrible. These include lymph secretory organs, fatigue, fever, loss of appetency and weight, diarrhoea, yeast infections of the oral cavity and vagina, and dark workout suits. The virus frequently infects the encephalon and nervous system. It may do memory upsets, motion and coordination jobs, weight loss, diminution in wellness, and some instances, decease. The patterned advance from the point of HIV infection to the clinical diseases that define AIDSs may take 6 to 10 old ages. This period of patterned advance can be monitored utilizing foster markers or clinical end points. When a individual has aids the figure of their CD4 T-cells, their white blood cells declines in figure. Within one to three hebdomads after infection with HIV, most people experience nonspecific flu-like symptoms such as febrility, concern, skin roseola, stamp lymph nodes, and unease. These symptoms last about one to two hebdomads. During this stage, known as acute retroviral syndrome, HIV reproduces to really high concentrations, circulates through the blood, and establishes infections throughout the organic structure, particularly in the lymph nodes. The septic individual # 8217 ; s CD4 T-cell count falls briefly but so returns to approach normal degrees as the individual # 8217 ; s immune system responds to the infection and limits the reproduction and spread of HIV. Infected victims may be peculiarly contagious during this period. Following acute retroviral syndrome, septic persons enter a drawn-out symptomless stage that can last 10 old ages or more. T hey remain in good wellness during this period, with degrees of CD4 T-cells in the low to normal scope ( 500 to 750 cells per mm3 of blood ) . Nevertheless, HIV continues to retroflex during the symptomless stage, doing progressive devastation of the immune system. Finally, the immune system diminutions and the individual enters the early diagnostic stage. This stage can last from a few months to several old ages and is characterized by quickly falling degrees of CD4 T-cells ( 500 to 200 cells per mm3 of blood ) and timeserving infections that are non life endangering. After the early diagnostic stage, the victim experiences the extended immune devastation and serious unwellness that characterize the late diagnostic stage. This stage can besides last from a few months to old ages, and the affected victim may hold CD4 T-cell degrees below 200 per mm3 of blood along with certain timeserving infections that define AIDS. When victims enter this phase they loss a uninterrupted sum of weight and becomes fatigued most of the clip. The immune system is in a province of terrible failure. The single finally enters the advanced AIDS stage, in which CD4 T-cell Numberss are below 50 per mm3 of blood, and decease due to severe dangerous timeserving infection s and malignant neoplastic diseases occurs within one to two old ages. HIV makes people more unfastened to diseases and such. In AIDSs the gradual weakening of the immune system allows progressively terrible infections and malignant neoplastic diseases to take consequence and finally it leads to decease. Death from AIDSs do non come from the HIV viruses but comes from timeserving infections. These infections are called timeserving because they take advantage of the harm done to the immune system. The most common 1s are pneumonia, yeast infections of the gorge, CMV retinitis, kaposi # 8217 ; s sarcoma, and TB. There are three anti HIV drugs that are presently licensed by the U.S. Food and Administration. They are all RT inhibitors: AZT, DDL, and DDC. These drugs are like DNA-chain eradicators. Once the drug is inserted, no extra Deoxyribonucleic acid bases can be added, and hence viral DNA synthesis is destroyed. But their consequence is non that great. They gave victims merely around another 6 months of life. Another reverse is that when you take these drugs together or with others it may take down the consequence. Besides it may do birth jobs. A.I.D.S. is a really serious disease. Many people die from this disease. If you don # 8217 ; t want to catch it, don # 8217 ; t utilize anyone # 8217 ; s needle and utilize a rubber during sexual intercourse, but even these aren # 8217 ; t 100 % safe.

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Dominance of handful of key players in the last century. This was because of following entry barriers in different decades. Till 1920’s:  · Patents to the oligopoly. Therefore no access to technological know-how.  · Industry in its embryonic stage. This implied slow growth because of o Buyer’s unfamiliarity with the industry product. Unless records were available machines were useless. o High prices due to lack of scale economies Early 30’s  · Depression hit industry. Therefore it was consolidation time though otherwise it would have been growth stage for the industry. 30’s and 40’s  · By now established firms had stronghold on production (scale economies), marketing and distribution. 50’s and 60’s  · industry reached shake-out stage. There was more supply than demand. â€Å"payola† was widespread to beat the supply. 70’s, 80’s and early 90’s  · This was maturity stage. established players had set up mature distribution network and promotional channels.  · Reconsolidation started happening. Thus the patents in embryonic stage and a depression in the otherwise growth stage of the industry gave the initial players enough time to reach scale economies and edge in marketing & distribution which they did not lose out on. Therefore only a handful of major record companies dominated the music industry. Change in structure and economics of music industry because of Internet: 1. Online sale of physical products: physical retailer falls out of picture and rest of the structure remains same. a. If website is owned by another company: i. Structure: distribution division supplies stock to website’s distributor who further supplies to the customers. ii. Economics: distribution and sales cost of record company will come down as supply is to be made to less no of physical locations. Though there is no retail expenses, there will be website settingup+operating expenses (very high and not fixed as intern... Free Essays on BMG Free Essays on BMG Dominance of handful of key players in the last century. This was because of following entry barriers in different decades. Till 1920’s:  · Patents to the oligopoly. Therefore no access to technological know-how.  · Industry in its embryonic stage. This implied slow growth because of o Buyer’s unfamiliarity with the industry product. Unless records were available machines were useless. o High prices due to lack of scale economies Early 30’s  · Depression hit industry. Therefore it was consolidation time though otherwise it would have been growth stage for the industry. 30’s and 40’s  · By now established firms had stronghold on production (scale economies), marketing and distribution. 50’s and 60’s  · industry reached shake-out stage. There was more supply than demand. â€Å"payola† was widespread to beat the supply. 70’s, 80’s and early 90’s  · This was maturity stage. established players had set up mature distribution network and promotional channels.  · Reconsolidation started happening. Thus the patents in embryonic stage and a depression in the otherwise growth stage of the industry gave the initial players enough time to reach scale economies and edge in marketing & distribution which they did not lose out on. Therefore only a handful of major record companies dominated the music industry. Change in structure and economics of music industry because of Internet: 1. Online sale of physical products: physical retailer falls out of picture and rest of the structure remains same. a. If website is owned by another company: i. Structure: distribution division supplies stock to website’s distributor who further supplies to the customers. ii. Economics: distribution and sales cost of record company will come down as supply is to be made to less no of physical locations. Though there is no retail expenses, there will be website settingup+operating expenses (very high and not fixed as intern...